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180 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM KỸ THUẬT - ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ NẴNG

After experimenting with different compositions of [3]. Bond. T., and Templeton. M.R.: History and future of domestic
biogas-hydrogen fuel mixtures, we adjusted the fuel biogas plants in the developing world. International Journal
injection map. Compared to the simulation, we found Energy for Sustainable Development Volume 15, Issue 4, pp.
that the injection duration was very slightly affected by 347–354. 2011.
the hydrogen content in the fuel mixture. On the other [4]. Hamidi N, Ilminnafik N, ING Wardana, Sabaruddin A.: An
hand, since the stationary engine often operates at a Experimental Study of the Flammability Limits of LPG-CO2-
predetermined speed, the injection map only needs to Air Mixtures. The 2011 International Symposium on Advanced
be established according to the throttle opening and Engineering, Pukyong-Korea Proc, 2011.
CH4 content in the biogas. Figure 8 shows the fuel [5]. V. Munteanu, D. Oancea, Dan Domnina Razus: Carbon
injection map for M6C4-20H after adjustment. For Dioxide As Inhibitor For Ignition And Flame Propagation Of
Propane-Air Mixtures. Analele Universitatii Bucuresti:
other fuel mixtures, the process of building the Romania, 2002.
injection map is similar.
[6]. Anggono. W., Wardana. I.N.G., Lawes. M., Hughes. K.J.,
4. RESULTS Wahyudi. S., Hamidi. N.: Laminar Burning Characteristics of
Biogas-Air Mixtures in Spark Ignited Premix Combustion.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 2012.
above research:
[7]. Nurkholis Hamidi: Carbon Dioxide Effects on The
- For a given biogas composition, the hydrogen Flammability Characteristics of Biogas. Applied Mechanics
content has a very slight effect on the Vkk/Vnl ratio and Materials. Vol. 493 (2014) pp 129-133
in the fuel mixture. When the hydrogen content is [8]. Ilbas M, Crayford AP, Yilmaz I, Bowen PJ, Syred N.:
fixed and the biogas content is increased, the air-fuel Laminar-burning velocities of hydrogen–air and hydrogen–
ratio increases. The Vkk/Vnl ratio can be considered methane– air mixture: an experimental study. International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 (2006), pp. 1768-1779.
to increase approximately linearly with the biogas
content in the biogas-hydrogen fuel mixture. [9]. Chung K, Chun KMC.: Combustion Characteristics and
Generating Efficiency Using Biogas with Added Hydrogen
- At low loads, the adjusted injection duration is (No. 2013-01-2506). SAE Technical Paper; 2013.
longer than at high loads. This is because at low [10]. Porpatham E, Ramesh A, Nagalingam B.: Effect of hydrogen
injection durations, the actual flow area through the addition on the performance of a biogas fuelled spark
nozzle is smaller than the calculated value. ignition engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
2007;32(12), pp. 2057-2065.
- The average equivalent factor obtained from [11]. Silvana Di Iorio, Paolo Sementa, Bianca Maria Vaglieco:
experiments at high loads is very close to the Analysis of combustion of methane and hydrogen-methane
simulated equivalent factor, but at low loads, the blends in small DI SI (direct injection spark ignition) engine
experimental equivalent factor is smaller than the using advanced diagnostics. Energy 108 (2016), pp. 99-107.
simulated equivalent factor. Stationary engines [12]. Ga Van BUI, Tu Thi Minh BUI: Soot Emission Analysis in
operate in a narrow speed range, and the hydrogen Combustion of Biogas Diesel Dual Fuel Engine.
content only slightly affects the Vkk/Vnl ratio, so the Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, Vol 1,
No 2 (2017), pp. 1-9,
fuel injection map can be simplified. The two
parameters that affect the fuel injection duration are [13]. P.R. Chitragar, Shivaprasad K.V, Vighnesh Nayak, P.Bedar,

Kumar G.N: An experimental study on combustion and
the throttle opening and the CH 4 content in the biogas. emission analysis of four cylinder 4-stroke gasoline engine
When the CH4 content in the biogas increases, the using pure hydrogen and LPG at idle condition. Energy
injection duration decreases. When the throttle is Procedia 90 (2016), pp. 525 -534.
gradually closed, the injection duration decreases [14]. Chulyoung Jeong, Taesoo Kim, Kyungtaek Lee, Soonho
according to the decrease in air flow rate. Song, Kwang Min Chun: Generating efficiency and
emissions of a spark-ignition gas engine generator fuelled
ACKNOWLEDGMENT with biogas-hydrogen blends. International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009), pp. 9620-9627.
This research is funded by The University of Danang –
University of Technology and Education under the project [15]. Demuynck J, Raes N, Zuliani M, De Paepe M, Sierens R,
"Research on automatic adjustment of biogas-hydrogen Verhelst S.: Local heat flux measurement in a hydrogen and
supply for spark ignition engines" with project number methane spark ignition engine with a thermopile sensor.
T2023-06-11. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009), pp.
9857-9868.
[16]. Darko Kozarac, Ivan Taritas, David Vuilleumier, Samveg
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ISBN: 978-604-80-9779-0